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conventional long form:
Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye
former: Ottoman Empire |
Country name:
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conventional long form:
Italian Republic
conventional short form: Italy
local long form: Repubblica Italiana
local short form: Italia
former: Kingdom of Italy |
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republican parliamentary democracy
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Government type:
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republic |
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Ankara |
Capital:
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Rome |
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81 provinces (iller, singular -
il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya,
Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin,
Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa,
Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne,
Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun,
Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir,
Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri,
Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya,
Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde,
Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop,
Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van,
Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak |
Administrative divisions:
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16 regions (regioni, singular -
regione) and 4 autonomous regions* (regioni autonome, singular -
regione autonoma); Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania,
Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia*, Lazio, Liguria,
Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna*, Sicilia,
Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige*, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta*, Veneto
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29 October 1923 (successor state to
the Ottoman Empire) |
Independence:
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17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy
proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870)
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Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
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National holiday:
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Republic Day, 2 June (1946)
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7 November 1982 |
Constitution:
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passed 11 December 1947; effective
1 January 1948; amended many times |
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civil law system derived from
various European continental legal systems; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; note - member of the
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), although Turkey claims
limited derogations on the ratified European Convention on Human
Rights |
Legal system:
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based on civil law system; appeals
treated as new trials; judicial review under certain conditions
in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction |
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18 years of age; universal
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal (except
in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25) |
chief of state:
President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN
(14 March 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
on the nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for
a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be
held NA May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
from among members of parliament
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on
the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the
National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority
on the third ballot |
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (since 13 May 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister (referred to in Italy
as the president of the Council of Ministers) Silvio BERLUSCONI
(since 10 June 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime
minister and approved by the president
elections: president elected by an electoral college
consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional
representatives for a seven-year term; election last held 13 May
1999 (next to be held NA May 2006); prime minister appointed by
the president and confirmed by Parliament
election results: Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI elected president;
percent of electoral college vote - 70%
note: a four-party government coalition includes Forza
Italia, National Alliance, Northern League, and Union of
Christian Democrats and Democrats of the Center |
unicameral Grand National Assembly
of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 3 November 2002 (next to be held NA
2007); note - a special rerun of the General Election in the
province of Siirt on 9 March 2003 resulted in the election of
Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN to a seat in parliament, a prerequisite for
becoming prime minister, on 14 March 2003
election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 34.3%,
CHP 19.4%, DYP 9.6%, MHP 8.3%, Anavatan 5.1%, DSP 1.1%, and
others; seats by party - AKP 363, CHP 178, independents 9; note
- parties surpassing the 10% threshold are entitled to
parliamentary seats; seats by party as of 1 December 2005 - AKP
357, CHP 154, ANAVATAN 22, DYP 4, SHP 4, HYP 1, independents 4,
vacant 4
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliament or Parlamento
consists of the Senate or Senato della Repubblica (315 seats
elected by popular vote of which 232 are directly elected and 83
are elected by regional proportional representation; in
addition, there are a small number of senators-for-life
including former presidents of the republic; members serve
five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei
Deputati (630 seats; 475 are directly elected, 155 by regional
proportional representation; members serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be
held 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 13 May 2001 (next to
be held May 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - House of Liberties 172 (Forza Italia 77,
National Alliance 47, UDC 31, Lega Padana 17), Olive Tree 108
(Democrats of the Left 63, Daisy Alliance 35, Greens 10), Per le
Autonomie 10, other 25; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - House of Liberties 337 (Forza
Italia 176, National Alliance 97, UDC 36, Northern League 28),
Olive Tree 214 (Democrats of the Left 135, Daisy Alliance 79),
Rifondazione Communista 11, other 68 |
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Constitutional Court; High Court of
Appeals (Yargitay); Council of State (Danistay); Court of
Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court of Appeals; Military
High Administrative Court |
Judicial branch:
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Constitutional Court or Corte
Costituzionale (composed of 15 judges: one-third appointed by
the president, one-third elected by Parliament, one-third
elected by the ordinary and administrative Supreme Courts)
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Democratic Left Party or DSP
[Mehmet Zeki SEZER]; Democratic People's Party or DEHAP [Tuncer
BAKIRHAN]; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayip
ERDOGAN]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Emin SIRIN];
Motherland Party or ANAP [leader NA]; Nationalist Action Party
or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Republican People's Party or CHP
(includes the New Turkey Party) [Deniz BAYKAL]; Felicity Party
(sometimes translated as Contentment Party) or SP [Necmettin
ERBEKAN]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP [Murat
KARAYALCIN]; True Path Party (sometimes translated as Correct
Way Party) or DYP [Mehmet AGAR]
note: the parties listed above are some of the more
significant of the 49 parties that Turkey had on 1 December 2004 |
Political parties and leaders:
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Center-Left Olive Tree Coalition
[Francesco RUTELLI] - Democrats of the Left, Daisy Alliance
(including Italian Popular Party, Italian Renewal, Union of
Democrats for Europe, The Democrats), Sunflower Alliance
(including Green Federation, Italian Democratic Socialists),
Italian Communist Party; Center-Right Freedom House Coalition
[Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly House of Liberties and Freedom
Alliance) - Forza Italia, National Alliance, The Whiteflower
Alliance (includes Christian Democratic Center, United Christian
Democrats), Northern League; Democrats of the Left or DS [Piero
FASSINO]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; Green
Federation [Alfonso Pecoraro SCANIO]; Italian Communist Party or
PdCI [Armando COSSUTTA]; Italian Renewal or RI [Lamberto DINI];
merged with PPI and I Democratici to form La Margherita (or The
Daisy Alliance); Italian Social Democrats or SDI [Enrico
BOSELLI]; Lega Padana [Roberto BERNARDELLI]; National Alliance
or AN [Gianfranco FINI]; Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI];
Socialist Movement-Tricolor Flame or MS-Fiamma [Luca ROMAGNOLI];
South Tyrol People's Party or SVP (German speakers) [Elmar
Pichler ROLLE]; Sunflower Alliance (includes Green Federation,
Italian Social Democrats); The Daisy Alliance (includes Italian
Popular Party, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe,
The Democrats) [Francesco RUTELLI]; The Democrats [Arturo
PARISI]; The Radicals (formerly Pannella Reformers and
Autonomous List) [Marco PANNELLA]; Union of Democrats for Europe
or UDEUR [Clemente MASTELLA]; Union of Christian and Center
Democrats or UDC [Marco FOLLINI] |
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Confederation of Public Sector
Unions or KESK [Sami EVREN]; Confederation of Revolutionary
Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman CELEBI]; Independent
Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Omer
BOLAT]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU];
Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD
[Omer SABANCI]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or
TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is
[Salih KILIC]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen
or TESK [Dervis GUNDAY]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce
and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU] |
Political pressure groups and
leaders:
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Italian manufacturers and merchants
associations (Confindustria, Confcommercio); organized farm
groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura); Roman Catholic
Church; three major trade union confederations (Confederazione
Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Guglielmo EPIFANI] which
is left wing, Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori
or CISL [Savino PEZZOTTA], which is Roman Catholic centrist, and
Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] which is lay
centrist) |
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AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC,
CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO,
WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC
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International organization
participation:
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AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS,
BSEC (observer), CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA,
EU, FAO, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO,
NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE,
Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC |
chief of mission:
Ambassador ?
Adress: Via Palestro, Roma
telephone: [39] (06) 612-6700
FAX: [39] (06) 612-6744
consulate(s) general: Milan |
Diplomatic representations:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
?
Adress: Atatürk Bulvarı, Kavaklıdere -
Ankara
telephone: [90] (312) 612-4400
FAX: [90] (312) 518-2151
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Izmir (Smirne) |
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red with a vertical white crescent
(the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white
five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
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Flag description:
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three equal vertical bands of green
(hoist side), white, and red; similar to the flag of Ireland,
which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange;
also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the
colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
note: inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by
Napoleon in 1797 |
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